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1% pyspbody.tex
2\def\Argmax{\mathop{\rm argmax}}
3\newcommand{\xBar}{\Vector{\overline{x}}}
4\newcommand{\Bar}[1]{\overline{#1}}
5\newcommand{\Prl}{\mbox{Pr}(\ell)}
6
7\newcommand{\Vector}[1]{\mbox{{\boldmath $#1$}}}
8\newcommand{\Matrix}[1]{\mbox{{\boldmath $#1$}}}
9\newcommand{\VectLen}[1]{\mid\Vector{#1}\mid}
10\newcommand{\Rint}[1]{\int_{#1}^{\infty}}
11%\newcommand{\Size}[1]{\| #1 \|}
12\newcommand{\Size}[1]{\mid #1 \mid}
13\newcommand{\Floor}[1]{\lfloor #1 \rfloor}
14\newcommand{\Ceil}[1]{\left\lceil #1 \right\rceil}
15
16\section{Overview}
17
18The pysp package extends the pyomo modeling language to support multi-stage stochastic programs with
19enumerated scenarios. Pyomo and pysp are Python version 2.6 programs.  In order to
20specify a program, the user must provide a reference model and a scenario tree.
21
22Provided and the necessary paths have been communicated to the operating system, the command to execute the pysp package is
23of the form:
24\begin{verbatim}
25runph
26\end{verbatim}
27It is possible,
28and generally necessary, to provide command line arguments. The simplest argument causes the program to output help text:
29\begin{verbatim}
30runph --help
31\end{verbatim}
32but notice that there are two dashes before the word help.'' Command line arguments are summarized in Section~\ref{cmdargsec}.
33
34The underlying algorithm in pysp
35is based on Progressive Hedging (PH) \cite{RockafellarWets}, which decomposes the problem into sub-problems, one for
36each scenario.
37The algorithm progressively computes {\em weights} corresponding to each variable to force convergence
38and also makes use of a {\em proximal} term that provides a penalty for the squared deviation from the
39mean solution from the last PH iteration.
40
41\subsection{Reference Model}
42
43The reference model describes the problem for a canonical scenario. It does not make use of, or describe, a scenario index or any information about uncertainty. Typically, it is just the model that would be used if there were only a single scenario. It is given as a pyomo file. Data from an arbitrary scenario is needed to instantiate.
44
45The objective function needs to be separated by stages. The term for each stage should be assigned'' (i.e., constrained to be equal to)
46a variable. These variables names are reported in ScenarioStructure.dat so that they can be used for reporting purposes.
47
48\subsection{Scenario Tree}
49
50The scenario tree provides information about the time stages and the nature of the uncertainties. In order to specify a tree, we must
51indicate the time stages at which information becomes available. We also specify the nodes of a tree to indicate which variables
52are associated with which realization at each stage. The data for each scenario is provided in separate data files, one for each scenario.
53
54\section{File Structure}
55
56\begin{itemize}
57\item ReferenceModel.py  (A pyomo model file)
58\item ReferenceModel.dat (data for an arbitrary scenario)
59\item ScenarioStructure.dat (among other things: the scenario names: Sname)
60\item *Sname.dat   (full data for now) one file for each scenario
61\end{itemize}
62
63In this list we use Sname'' as the generic scenario name. The file scenariostructure.dat gives the names of all the scenarios and for each scenario there is a data file with the same name and the suffix .dat'' that contains the full specification of data for the scenario.
64
65\subsection{ScenarioStructure.dat}
66
67The file ScenarioStucture.dat contains the following data:
68
69\begin{itemize}
70\item set Scenarios: List of the names of the scenarios. These names will subsequently be used as indexes in this data file and these names will
71also be used as the root file names for the scenario data files (each of these will have a .dat extension) if the
72parameter ScenarioBasedData is set to True, which is the default.
73\item[]
74item set Stages: List of the names of the time stages, which must be given in time order. In the sequel we will use {\sc StageName} to represent a node name used
75as an index.
76\item[]
77\item set Nodes: List of the names of the nodes in the scenario tree. In the sequel we will use {\sc NodeName} to represent a node name used
78as an index.
79\item[]
80\item param NodeStage: A list of pairs of nodes and stages to indicate the stage for each node.
81\item[]
82\item param Parent: A list of node pairs to indicate the parent of each node that has a parent (the root node will not be listed).
83\item[]
84\item set Children[{\sc NodeName}]: For each node that has children, provide the list of children. No sets will be give for leaf nodes.
85\item[]
86\item param ConditionalProbability: For each node in the scenario tree, give the conditional probability. For the root node it must be given as 1 and for
87the children of any node with children, the conditional probabilities must sum to 1.
88\item[]
89\item param ScenarioLeafNode: A list of scenario and node pairs to indicate the leaf node for each scenario.
90\item[]
91\item set StageVariables[{\sc StageName}]: For each stage, list the pyomo model variables associated with that stage.
92\end{itemize}
93
94Data
95to instantiate these sets and parameters is provided by users in the file ScenarioStructure.dat, which can be given in AMPL \cite{ampl} format.
96
97The default behavior is one file per scenario and each file has the full data for the scenario. An
98alternative is to specify just the data that changes from the root node in one file per tree node.
99To select this option, add the following line to ScenarioStructure.dat:
100
101\verb|param ScenarioBasedData := False ;|
102
103This will set it up to want a per-node file, something along the lines of what's in \verb|examples/pysp/farmer/NODEDATA|.
104
105Advanced users may be interested in seeing the file \verb|coopr/pysp/utils/scenariomodels.py|, which defines the python sets and parameters needed to describe stochastic elements. This file should not be edited.
106
107\section{Command Line Arguments \label{cmdargsec}}
108
109The basic PH algorithm is controlled by parameters that are set as command line arguments. Note that options begin with a double dash.
110\begin{itemize}
111  \item \verb|-h|, \verb|--help|\\            Show help message and exit.
112  \item \verb|--verbose|\\             Generate verbose output for both initialization and execution.
113  \item \verb|--model-directory|=MODEL\_DIRECTORY\\
114                        The directory in which all model (reference and scenario) definitions are stored. I.e., the .py'' files. Default is ".".
115  \item \verb|--instance-directory|=INSTANCE\_DIRECTORY\\
116                        The directory in which all instance (reference and scenario) definitions are stored. I.e., the .dat'' files. Default is ".".
117  \item \verb|--solver|=SOLVER\_TYPE\\  The type of solver used to solve scenario sub-problems. Default is cplex.
118  \item \verb|--solver-manager|=SOLVER\_MANAGER\_TYPE\\
119                        The type of solver manager used to coordinate scenario sub-problem solves. Default is serial. This option is changed in parallel applications
120as described in Section~\ref{parallelsec}.
121  \item \verb|--max-iterations|=MAX\_ITERATIONS\\
122                        The maximal number of PH iterations. Default is 100.
123  \item \verb|--default-rho|=DEFAULT\_RHO\\
124                        The default (global) rho for all blended variables. Default is 1.
125  \item \verb|--rho-cfgfile|=RHO\_CFGFILE\\
126                        The name of a configuration script to compute PH rho values. Default is None.
127  \item \verb|--enable-termdiff|-convergence\\
128                        Terminate PH based on the termdiff convergence metric. The convergcne metric is the unscaled sum of differences between variable values and the mean. Default is True.
129  \item \verb|--enable-normalized|-termdiff-convergence\\
130                        Terminate PH based on the normalized termdiff
131                        convergence metric. Each term in the termdiff sum is normalized by the average value (NOTE: it is NOT normalized by the number of scenarios). Default is False.
132  \item \verb|--termdiff-threshold|=TERMDIFF\_THRESHOLD\\
133                        The convergence threshold used in the term-diff and
134                        normalized term-diff convergence criteria. Default is
135                        0.01, which is too low for most problems.
136  \item \verb|--enable-free-discrete-count-convergence|\\
137                        Terminate PH based on the free discrete variable count convergence metric. Default is False.
138  \item \verb|--free-discrete-count-threshold|=FREE\_DISCRETE\_COUNT\_THRESHOLD\\
139                        The convergence threshold used in the criterion based on when the free discrete variable count convergence criterion. Default is 20.
140  \item \verb|--enable-ww-extensions|\\
141                        Enable the Watson-Woodruff PH extensions plugin. Default is False.
142  \item \verb|--ww-extension-cfgfile|=WW\_EXTENSION\_CFGFILE\\
143                        The name of a configuration file for the Watson-Woodruff PH extensions plugin. Default is wwph.cfg.
144  \item \verb|--ww-extension-suffixfile|=WW\_EXTENSION\_SUFFIXFILE\\
145                        The name of a variable suffix file for the Watson-Woodruff PH extensions plugin. Default is wwph.suffixes.
146   \item \verb|--user-defined-extension|=EXTENSIONFILE. Here, "EXTENSIONFILE" is the module name, which is in either the current directory (most likely) or somewhere on your PYTHONPATH. A simple example is "testphextension" plugin that simply prints a message to the screen for each callback. The file testphextension.py can be found in the sources directory and is shown in Section~\ref{ExtensionDetailsSec}. A test of this would be to specify "-user-defined-extension=testphextension", assuming testphextension.py is in your PYTHONPATH or current directory.
147
148Note that both PH extensions (WW PH and your own) can co-exist; however, the WW plugin will be invoked first.
149
150\item \verb|--scenario-solver-options| The options are specified just as in pyomo, e.g., \verb|--scenario-solver-options="mip_tolerances_mipgap=0.2"| to set the mipgap for all scenario sub-problem solves to 20\% for the CPLEX solver. The options are specified in a quote deliminted string that is passed to the sub-problem solver.
151 Whatever options specified are persistent across all solves.
152\item \verb|--ef-solver-options| The options are specified just as in pyomo, e.g., \verb|--scenario-solver-options="mip_tolerances_mipgap=0.2"| to set the mipgap for all scenario sub-problem solves to 20\% for the CPLEX solver. The options are specified in a quote deliminted string that is passed to the EF problem solver.
153  \item \verb|--write-ef|\\            Upon termination, write the extensive form of the model - accounting for all fixed variables.
154  \item \verb|--solve-ef|\\            Following write of the extensive form model, solve it.
155  \item \verb|--ef-output-file|=EF\_OUTPUT\_FILE\\
156                        The name of the extensive form output file (currently only LP format is supported), if writing of the extensive form is enabled. Default is efout.lp.
157  \item \verb|--suppress-continuous-variable-output|\\
158                        Eliminate PH-related output involving continuous variables. Default: no output.
159  \item \verb|--keep-solver-files|\\   Retain temporary input and output files for scenario sub-problem solves.  Default: files not kept.
160  \item \verb|--output-solver-logs|\\  Output solver logs during scenario sub-problem solves. Default: no output.
161  \item \verb|--output-ef-solver-log|\\
162                        Output solver log during the extensive form solve. Default: no output.
163  \item \verb|--output-solver-results|\\
164                        Output solutions obtained after each scenario sub-problem solve. Default: no output.
165  \item \verb|--output-times|\\        Output timing statistics for various PH components. Default: no output.
166  \item \verb|--disable-warmstarts|\\
167                  Disable warm-start of scenario sub-problem solves in PH iterations >= 1.
168                  Default=False (i.e., warm starts are the default).
169  \item \verb|--drop-proximal-terms|\\
170                  Eliminate proximal terms (i.e., the quadratic penalty terms) from the weighted PH objective.
171                  Default=False (i.e., but default, the proximal terms are included).
173                  Do not linearize PH objective terms involving binary decision variables.
174                  Default=False (i.e., the proximal term for binary variables is linearized by default; this can have some impact on the relaxations during the branch and bound solution process).
175  \item \verb|--linearize-nonbinary-penalty-terms|=BPTS\\
176                  Approximate the PH quadratic term for non-binary variables with a piece-wise linear function. The argument
177                  BPTS gives the number of breakpoints in the linear approximation. The default=0. Reasonable non-zero
178                  values are usually in the range of 3 to 7. Note that if a breakpoint would be very close to a variable
179                  bound, then the break point is ommited. IMPORTANT: this option requires that all variables have bounds that
180                  are either established in the reference model or by code specfied using the bounds-cfgfile command line option. See Section~\ref{LinearSec}
182  \item \verb|--breakpoint-strategy|=BREAKPOINT\_STRATEGY
183                        Specify the strategy to distribute breakpoints on the
184                        [lb, ub] interval of each variable when linearizing. 0
185                        indicates uniform distribution. 1 indicates
186                        breakpoints at the node min and max, uniformly in-
187                        between. 2 indicates more aggressive concentration of
188                        breakpoints near the observed node min/max.
189  \item \verb|--bounds-cfgfile|=BOUNDS\_CFGFILE\\
190                  The argument BOUNDS\_CFGFILE specifies the name of an executable pyomo file that sets bounds. The devault is that there is no file.
191                  When specified, the code in this file is executed after the initialization of scenario data so the
192                  bounds can be based on data from all scenarios. The config subdirectory of the farmer example contains a simple example of
193                  such a file (boundsetter.cfg).
194  \item \verb|--checkpoint-interval|\\
195                  The number of iterations between writing of a checkpoint file. Default is 0, indicating never.
196  \item \verb|--restore-from-checkpoint|\\
197                  The name of the checkpoint file from which PH should be initialized. Default is not to restore from a checkpoint.
198  \item \verb|--profile=PROFILE|\\     Enable profiling of Python code.  The value of this option is the number of functions that are summarized. The default is no profiling.
199  \item \verb|--enable-gc|\\           Enable the python garbage collecter. The default is no garbage collection.
200\end{itemize}
201
202\section{Extensions via Callbacks \label{CallbackSec}}
203
204Basic PH can converge slowly, so it is usually advisable to extend it or modify it. In pysp, this is done via the pyomo plug-in
205mechanism. The basic PH implementation provides callbacks that enable access to the data structures used by the algorithm.
206In \S\ref{WWExtensionSec} we describe extensions that are provided with the release. In \S\ref{ExtensionDetailsSec},
207we provide information to power users who may wish to modify or replace the extensions.
208
209\subsection{Watson and Woodruff Extensions \label{WWExtensionSec}}
210
211Watson and Woodruff describe innovations for accelerating PH \cite{phinnovate}, most of which are generalized and
212implemented in the
213file \verb|wwextension.py|, but users generally do not need to know this file name. To invoke the program
214with these additional features, invoke the software with a command of the form:
215\begin{verbatim}
216runph --enable-ww-extensions
217\end{verbatim}
218Many of the examples described in \S\ref{ExampleSec} use this plug-in. The main concept
219is that some integer variables should be fixed as the algorithm progresses for two reasons:
220
221\begin{itemize}
222\item Convergence detection:
223A detailed analysis of PH algorithm behavior on a variety of problem indicates that individual decision variables
224frequently converge to specific,
225fixed values scenarios in early PH iterations. Further, despite interactions among the
226the variables, the value frequently does not change in subsequent PH
227iterations. Such variable fixing'' behaviors lead to a potentially powerful, albeit obvious, heuristic: once
228a particular variable has been the same in all scenarios for some number of iterations, fix it to that value.
229For problems where the constraints effectively limit $x$
230from both sides, these methods may result in PH encountering infeasible scenario sub-problems even though the
231problem is ultimately feasible.
232\item Cycle detection: When there are integer variables, cycling is sometimes
233encountered, consequently, cycle detection and avoidance mechanisms are required to force
234eventual convergence of the PH algorithm in the mixed-integer case. To detect cycles, we focus on
235repeated occurrences of the weights, implemented using a simple hashing scheme \cite{tabuhash} to
236minimize impact on run-time. Once a cycle in the weight vectors associated with any decision variable is detected,
237the value of that variable is fixed.
238\end{itemize}
239
240Fixing variables aggressively can result in shorter solution times, but can also result in solutions that are not as good. Furthermore, for some problems, aggressive fixing can result in infeasible sub-problems even though the problem is
241ultimately feasible. Many of the parameters discussed in the next subsections control fixing of variables. This is
242discussed in a tutorial in section~\ref{WWTutorialSec}.
243
244\subsubsection{Variable Specific Parameters}
245
246The plug-in makes use of parameters to control behavior at the variable level. Global defaults (to override the defaults stated here) should be set using methods described in \S\ref{ParmSec}. Values for each variable should be set using methods described in \S\ref{SuffixSec}.
247Note that for variable fixing based on convergence detection, iteration zero is treated separately. The parameters
248are as follows:
249
250\begin{itemize}
251\item fix\_continuous\_variables: True or False. If true, fixing applies to all variables. If false, then fixing applies only to discrete variables.
252\item Iter0FixIfConvergedAtLB: 1 (True) or 0 (False). If 1, then discrete variables that are at their lower bound in all scenarios after
253the iteration zero solves will be fixed at that bound.
254\item Iter0FixIfConvergedAtUB: 1 (True) or 0 (False). If 1, then discrete variables that are at their upper bound in all sce<narios after
255the iteration zero solves will be fixed at that bound.
256\item Iter0FixIfConvergedAtNB: = 1  1 (True) or 0 (False). If 1, then discrete variables that are at the same value in all scenarios after
257the iteration zero solves will be fixed at that value, without regard to whether it is a bound. If this is true, it takes precedence. A value of zero, on the other hand, implies that variables will not be fixed at at a non-bound.
258\item FixWhenItersConvergedAtLB:  The number of consecutive PH iterations that discrete variables must be their lower bound in all scenarios before they
259will be fixed at that bound. A value of zero implies that variables will not be fixed at the bound.
260\item FixWhenItersConvergedAtUB: The number of consecutive PH iterations that discrete variables must be their upper bound in all scenarios before they
261will be fixed at that bound. A value of zero implies that variables will not be fixed at the bound.
262\item FixWhenItersConvergedAtNB: The number of consecutive PH iterations that discrete variables must be at the same, consistent value in all scenarios before they
263will be fixed at that value, without regard to whether it is a bound. If this is true, it takes precedence. A value of zero, on the other hand, implies that variables will not be fixed at at a non-bound.
264\item FixWhenItersConvergedContinuous: The number of consecutive PH iterations that continuous variables must be at the same, consistent value in all scenarios before they
265will be fixed at that value. A value of zero implies that continuous variables will not be fixed.
266\item CanSlamToLB: True or False. If True, then slamming can be to the lower bound for any variable.
267\item CanSlamToMin: True or False. If True, then slamming can be to the minimum across scenarios for any variable.
268\item CanSlamToAnywhere: True or False. If True, then slamming can be to any value.
269\item CanSlamToMax: True or False. If True, then slamming can be to the maximum across scenarios for any variable.
270\item CanSlamToUB: True of False. If True, then slamming can be to the upper bound for any variable.
271\item DisableCycleDetection: True or False. If True, then cycle detection and the associated slamming are completely disabled. This cannot be changed to False on the fly because a value of True at startup causes creation of the cycle detection storage to be bypassed.
272\end{itemize}
273
274In the event that multiple slam targets are True, then Min and Max trump LB and UB while Anywhere trumps all.
275
276\subsection{General Parameters}
277
278The plug-in also makes use of the following parameters, which should be set using methods described in \S\ref{ParmSec}.
279\begin{itemize}
280\item Iteration0Mipgap: Gives the mipgap to be sent to the solver for iteration zero solves. The default is zero, which causes nothing to be sent to the solver (i.e., the solver uses its default mipgap).
281\item InitalMipGap: Gives the mipgap to be sent to the solver for iteration one solves. The default is zero, which causes nothing to be sent to the solver (i.e., the solver uses its default mipgap). If not zero, then this gap will be used as the starting point for the mipgap to change on each PH iteration in proportion to the convergence termination criterion so that when the criterion for termination is met
282the mipgap will be at (or near) the parameter value of FinalMipGap. If the InitialMipGap is significantly higher than the Iteration0MipGap parameter, the PH algorithm may
283perform poorly. This is because the iteration k-1 solutions are used to warm start iteration k-1 solves. If the iteration 1 mipgap is much higher than the iteration 0 mipgap, the iteration zero
284solution, although not optimal for the iteration one objective, might be within the mipgap. Default: 0.10.
285\item FinalMipGap: The target for the mipgap when PH has converged. Default: 0.001.
286\item PH\_Iters\_Between\_Cycle\_Slams: controls the number of iterations to wait after a variable is slammed due to
287hash hits that suggest convergence. Zero indicates unlimited slams per cycle. Default: 1.
288\item SlamAfterIter: Iteration number after which one variable every other iteration will be slammed to force convergence. Default: the number of scenarios.
289\item hash\_hit\_len\_to\_slam: Ignore possible cycles for which the only evidence of a cycle is less than this. Also, ignore cycles if any variables have been fixed in the previous hash\_hit\_len\_to\_slam PH iterations. Default:
290the number of scenarios. This default is often not a good choice. For many problems with a lot of scenarios,
291a value like 10 or 20 might be a lot better if rapid convergence is desired.
292\item W\_hash\_history\_len: This obscure parameter controls how far back the code will look to see if there is a possible cycle. Default: max(100, number of scenarios).
293\end{itemize}
294
295\subsubsection{Setting Parameter Values \label{ParmSec}}
296
297The parameters of PH and of any callbacks can be changed using the file wwph.cfg, which is executed by the python interpreter after PH has initialized. This is
298a potentially powerful and/or dangerous procedure because it gives an opportunity
299to change anything using the full features of python and pyomo.
300
301\subsubsection{Setting Suffix Values \label{SuffixSec}}
302
303Suffixes are set using the data file named \verb|wwph.suffixes| using this syntax:
304
305\begin{verbatim}
306VARSPEC SUFFIX VALUE
307\end{verbatim}
308
309where VARSPEC is replaced by a variable specification, SUFFIX is replaced by a suffix name and VALUE is replaced by the value of the suffix for
310that variable or those variables. Here is an example:
311
312\begin{verbatim}
313   Delta CanSlamToLB False
314   Gamma[*,Ano1] SlammingPriority 10
315   Gamma[*,Ano2] SlammingPriority 20
316   ...
317\end{verbatim}
318
319
320\subsection{Callback Details \label{ExtensionDetailsSec}}
321
322Most users of pysp can skip this subsection.
323A callback class definition named iphextension is in the file iphextension.py and can be used to implement callbacks at a
324variety of points in PH. For example, the method post\_iteration\_0\_solves is called immediately after all iteration zero
325solves, but before averages and weights have been computed while the method post\_iteration\_0 is called after averages and
326weights based on iteration zero have been computed. The file iphextension is in the coopr/pysp directory and is not
327intended to be edited by users.
328
329The user defines a class derived from SingletonPlugin that implements iphextension. Its name is given to ph as an option. This class will be automatically instantiated by ph.
330It has access to data and methods in the PH class, which are defined in the file ph.py. An example of such a class is in the
331file named testphextension.py in the pysp example directory.
332
333A user defined extension file can be incorporated by using the command line option:
334\verb|--user-defined-extension=EXTENSIONFILE|. Here, "EXTENSIONFILE" is the module name, which is in either the current directory (most likely) or somewhere on your PYTHONPATH. A simple example is "testphextension" plugin that simply prints a message to the screen for each callback. The file testphextension.py can be found in the sources directory and given in Section~\ref{CallbackSec}. An easy test of this would be to specify "-user-defined-extension=testphextension" and you should
335note the the .py'' file extension is not included on the runph command line.
336
337Both your own extension and the WWPH extensions can co-exist; however, the WW plugin will be invoked first at each callback point if both are included.
338
339Here are the callbacks:
340\begin{itemize}
341\item post\_ph\_initialization: Called after PH data structures have been intialized but before iteration zero solves.
342\item post\_iteration\_0\_solves: Called after iteration zero solutions and some statistics such as averages have been computed, but before weights are updated.
343\item post\_iteration\_0: Called after all processing for iteration zero is complete.
344\item post\_iteration\_k\_solves: Called after solutions some statistics such as averages have been computed, but before weights are updated for iterations after iteration zero.
345\item post\_iteration\_k: Called after all processing for each iteration after iteration 0 is complete.
346\item post\_ph\_execution: Called execution is complete.
347\end{itemize}
348
349Users interested in writing their own extensions will probably want to refer to the source file ph.py to get a deeper understanding of when the callback occur.
350
351\section{Examples \label{ExampleSec}}
352
353A number of examples are provided with pysp.
354
355\subsection{Farmer Example}
356
357This two-stage example is composed of models and data for the "Farmer" stochastic program, introduced in Section 1.1 of
358"Introduction to Stochastic Programming" by Birge and
359Louveaux \cite{spbook}.
360
361\begin{itemize}
362\item ReferenceModel.py: a single-scenario model for the SP
363\item ReferenceModel.dat: a single-scenario data file for the SP (any scenario will do - used to flush out variable and constraint index sets)
364\item ScenarioStructure.dat: data file defining the scenario tree.
365\item AboveAverageScenario.dat: one of the scenario data files.
366\item BelowAverageScenario.dat: one of the scenario data files.
367\item AverageScenario.dat: one of the scenario data files.
368\end{itemize}
369
370The command runph executes PH, assuming the ReferenceModel.* and ScenarioStructure.* files are present and correct.
371This example is probably in a directory with a name something like:
372
373\begin{verbatim}
374coopr\examples\pysp\farmer
375\end{verbatim}
376
377The data is in a subdirectory called scenariodata and the model is in the models subdirectory. To
378invoke PH for this problem, connect to this farmer directory and use the command:
379
380\begin{verbatim}
381runph --model-directory=models --instance-directory=scenariodata
382\end{verbatim}
383
384\subsection{Sizes Example}
385
386This two-stage example is composed of models and data for the "Sizes" stochastic program \cite{sizes,lokwood}, which consists of the following files:
387
388\begin{itemize}
389\item wwph.cfg: replace default algorithm parameter values for the Watson and Woodruff extensions.
390\item wwph.suffixes: sets algorithm parameter values at the variables level for the Watson and Woodruff extensions.
391\item ReferenceModel.py: a single-scenario model for the SP
392\item ReferenceModel.dat: a single-scenario data file for the SP (any scenario will do - used to flush out variable and constraint index sets)
393\item ScenarioStructure.dat: data file defining the scenario tree.
394\item Scenario1.dat: one of the scenario data files.
395\item Scenario2.dat: one of the scenario data files.
396\item ...
397\end{itemize}
398
399This example is probably in a directory with a name something like:
400
401\begin{verbatim}
402coopr\packages\coopr\examples\pysp\sizes
403\end{verbatim}
404
405The data for a three scenario version is in a subdirectory called SIZES3 and a ten scenario
406dataset is in SIZES10.
407
408To invoke PH for the 10 scenario problem, connect to the sizes directory and use the command:
409
410\begin{verbatim}
411runph --model-directory=models --instance-directory=SIZES10
412\end{verbatim}
413
414
415\subsection{Forestry Example}
416
417This four-stage example is composed of models and data for the forestry'' stochastic program \cite{}, which consists of the following files:
418
419\begin{itemize}
420\item wwph.cfg: replace default algorithm parameter values for the Watson and Woodruff extensions.
421\item wwph.suffixes: sets algorithm parameter values at the variables level for the Watson and Woodruff extensions.
422\item ReferenceModel.py: a single-scenario model for the SP
423\item ReferenceModel.dat: a single-scenario data file for the SP (any scenario will do - used to flush out variable and constraint index sets)
424\item ScenarioStructure.dat: data file defining the scenario tree.
425\item Scenario1.dat: one of the scenario data files.
426\item Scenario2.dat: one of the scenario data files.
427\item ...
428\end{itemize}
429
430This example is probably in a directory with a name something like:
431
432\begin{verbatim}
433coopr\packages\coopr\examples\pysp\forestry
434\end{verbatim}
435
436
437There are two families of instances: Chile'' and Davis,'' each with four stages and eighteen scenarios. This is also a small
438two-stage, four scenario instances in the subdirectory DAVIS2STAGE.
439
440This full 18 scenario problem instance takes too long without the Watson Woodruff extensions, but to
441invoke PH for this problem without them, connect to the forestry directory and use the command:
442
443\begin{verbatim}
444 runph --models-directory=models --instancs-directory=chile
445\end{verbatim}
446and to run with the extensions, use
447\begin{verbatim}
448runph --model-directory=models --instance-directory=davis \
449--enable-ww-extensions --ww-extension-cfgfile=config/wwph.cfg \
450--ww-extension-suffixfile=config/wwph.suffixes
451\end{verbatim}
452
453
454\section{Tutorial: Parameters for Watson and Woodruff PH Extensions \label{WWTutorialSec}}
455
456The parameters for the PH extensions in WWPHExtensions.py provide the user with considerable control over
457how and under what conditions variables are fixed during the PH algorithm execution. Often, some variables converge
458to consistent values during early iterations and can be fixed at these values without affecting quality very much and without
459affecting feasibility at all. Also, the algorithm may need to fix some variables during execution in order to break cycles.
460In both cases, guidance from the user concerning which classes of variables can and/or should be fixed under various circumstances can be very helpful.
461
462The overarching goal is to support industrial and government users who solve the same model repeatedly with different, but
463somewhat similar, data each time. In such settings, it behooves the modeler to consider tradeoffs between speed, solution quality
464and feasibility and create at least one good set of directives and parameters for the PH algorithm. In some cases, a user may want more than
465one set of directives and parameters depending on whether speed of execution or quality of solution are more important. Iteration zero is controlled separately because often the absence of the quadratic term results in faster solves for this
466iteration and fixing variables after the iteration has the maximum possible impact on speedup.
467
468In order to discuss these issues, we consider an example.
469
470\subsection{Sizes Example}
471
472The Sizes example is simple and small. In fact, the instances that we will consider are so small that there is really
473no need to use the PH algorithm since the extensive form can be solved directly in a few minutes. However, it serves as a
474vehicle for introducing the concepts.
475
476This description and formulation comes from the original paper by Jorjani, Scott and Woodruff \cite{sizes}.
477
478If demand constraints for the current period are
479based on firm orders but future demands are based on forecasts or
480conjecture, then they should not be treated in the same fashion. We
481must recognize that future demand constraints are stochastic. That is
482to say that they should be modeled as random variables.
483It may not be reasonable or useful to consider the entire demand probability
484distribution functions. It may not be reasonable because there may not be
485sufficient data to estimate an entire distribution. It may not be useful
486because the essence of the stochastics may be captured by specifying a
487small number of representative {\em scenarios}. We assume that scenarios
488are specified by giving a full set of random variable realizations and a
489corresponding probability.
490We index the scenario set, ${\cal L}$, by $\ell$ and
491refer to the probability of occurrence of $\ell$ (or, more accurately, a
492realization near'' scenario $\ell$) as $\Prl$.
493We refer to solution systems that satisfy constraints with probability one as
495
496In addition to modeling stochastics, we would like to model {\em
497recourse} as well. That is, we would like to model the ability of
498decision makers to make use of new information (e.g., orders) at the
499start of each planning period.  We allow our solution vectors to
500depend on the scenario that is realized, but we do not want to assume
501prescience. We refer to a system of solution vectors as {\em
502implementable} if for all decision times $t$, the solution vector
503elements corresponding to period $1,\ldots,t$ are constant with
504respect to information that becomes available only after stage $t$.
505We refer to the set of implementable solutions as ${\cal N}_{\cal L}$.  It is
506possible to require implementable solutions by adding {\em
507non-anticipatitivity constraints}, but we will instead make use of
508solution procedures that implicitly guarantee implementable solutions.
509
510In the stochastic, multi-period formulation that follows the objective
511is to minimize expected costs.  We invoke the network equivalence
512given earlier to drop the explicit requirement that $\Vector{x}$ and
513$\Vector{y}$ be integers. Variables and data are subscripted with a
514period index $t$ that takes on values up to $T$. To model the idea
515that sleeves produced in one period can be used as-is or cut in
516subsequent periods, we use $x_{ijt}$ to indicate that sleeves of
517length index $i$ are to be used without cutting in period $t$ if $i=j$
518and with cutting otherwise.  The $\Vector{y}$ vector gives production
519quantities for each length in each period without regard to the period
520in which they will be used (and perhaps cut). The formulation is
521essentially an extension of ILP except that a capacity constraint
522must be added in the multiple period formulation. Holding costs could
524benefit of any additional insight. As an aside, note that the addition
525of holding costs would add a large number of continuous variables, but
526no new integers so the impact on computational performance would not
527be catastrophic.
528
529$530\min\sum_{\ell\in{\cal L}}\Prl 531 \sum_{t}^{T}\left[\sum_{i=1}^{N}\left(sz_{it\ell}+p_{i}y_{it\ell}\right) 532 +r\sum_{j<i}x_{ijt\ell}\right] \;\;\;\;\mbox{(SMIP)} 533$
534subject to
535\begin{eqnarray}
536\sum_{j \geq i}x_{ijt\ell} & \geq & d_{it\ell}
537          \;\;\;\; \ell \in {\cal L}, \; i=1,\ldots,N, \; t=1,\ldots,T \label{Dconstr} \\
538\sum_{t'\leq t}\left[\sum_{j \leq i}x_{ijt'\ell} - y_{it'\ell}\right] & \leq & 0
539          \;\;\;\; \ell \in {\cal L}, \; i=1,\ldots,N, \; t=1,\ldots,T \label{Pconstr} \\
540y_{it\ell} - Mz_{it\ell} & \leq & 0
541          \;\;\;\; \ell \in {\cal L}, \;i=1,\ldots,N, \; t=1,\ldots,T \label{Mconstr} \\
542\sum_{i=1}^{N}y_{it\ell} & \leq & c_{t\ell}
543          \;\;\;\; \ell \in {\cal L}, \; t=1,\ldots,T \label{Cconstr} \\
544z_{it\ell} & \in & \{0,1\}
545          \;\;\;\; \ell \in {\cal L}, \; i=1,\ldots,N, \; t=1,\ldots,T \label{intconstr} \\
546\Vector{x}, \Vector{y}, \Vector{z} & \in & {\cal N}_{\cal L}
547\end{eqnarray}
548
549Bear in mind that solution vector elements corresponding
550to periods two through $T$ are not actually intended for use, they
551are computed just to see the effect that period 1 (the current period)
552decision would have on future optimal behavior. At the start of period 2
553-- or at any other time -- the decision maker would run the model again
554with updated demands for the current period and new scenario estimates.
555
556\subsection{ReferenceModel.py}
557
558Here is the single scenario reference model:
559
560{\small
561\begin{verbatim}
562#
563# This is the two-period version of the SIZES optimization model.
564#
565
566from coopr.pyomo import *
567
568#
569# Model
570#
571
572model = Model()
573
574#
575# Parameters
576#
577
578# the number of product sizes.
579model.NumSizes = Param(within=NonNegativeIntegers)
580
581def product_sizes_rule(model):
582    ans = set()
583    for i in range(1, model.NumSizes()+1):
585    return ans
586
587# the set of sizes, labeled 1 through NumSizes.
588model.ProductSizes = Set(initialize=product_sizes_rule)
589
590# the deterministic demands for product at each size.
591model.DemandsFirstStage = Param(model.ProductSizes, within=NonNegativeIntegers)
592model.DemandsSecondStage = Param(model.ProductSizes, within=NonNegativeIntegers)
593
594# the unit production cost at each size.
595model.UnitProductionCosts = Param(model.ProductSizes, within=NonNegativeReals)
596
597# the setup cost for producing any units of size i.
598model.SetupCosts = Param(model.ProductSizes, within=NonNegativeReals)
599
600# the unit penalty cost of meeting demand for size j with larger size i.
601model.UnitPenaltyCosts = Param(model.ProductSizes, within=NonNegativeReals)
602
603# the cost to reduce a unit i to a lower unit j.
604model.UnitReductionCost = Param(within=NonNegativeReals)
605
606# a cap on the overall production within any time stage.
607model.Capacity = Param(within=PositiveReals)
608
609# a derived set to constrain the NumUnitsCut variable domain.
610def num_units_cut_domain_rule(model):
611   ans = set()
612   for i in range(1,model.NumSizes()+1):
613      for j in range(1, i+1):
615   return ans
616
617model.NumUnitsCutDomain = Set(initialize=num_units_cut_domain_rule, dimen=2)
618
619#
620# Variables
621#
622
623# are any products at size i produced?
624model.ProduceSizeFirstStage = Var(model.ProductSizes, domain=Boolean)
625model.ProduceSizeSecondStage = Var(model.ProductSizes, domain=Boolean)
626
627# NOTE: The following (num-produced and num-cut) variables are implicitly integer
628#       under the normal cost objective, but with the PH cost objective, this isn't
629#       the case.
630
631# the number of units at each size produced.
632model.NumProducedFirstStage = Var(model.ProductSizes, domain=NonNegativeIntegers)
633model.NumProducedSecondStage = Var(model.ProductSizes, domain=NonNegativeIntegers)
634
635# the number of units of size i cut (down) to meet demand for units of size j.
636model.NumUnitsCutFirstStage = Var(model.NumUnitsCutDomain, domain=NonNegativeIntegers)
637model.NumUnitsCutSecondStage = Var(model.NumUnitsCutDomain, domain=NonNegativeIntegers)
638
639# stage-specific cost variables for use in the pysp scenario tree / analysis.
640model.FirstStageCost = Var(domain=NonNegativeReals)
641model.SecondStageCost = Var(domain=NonNegativeReals)
642
643#
644# Constraints
645#
646
647# ensure that demand is satisfied in each time stage, accounting for cut-downs.
648def demand_satisfied_first_stage_rule(i, model):
649   return (0.0, \
650           sum(model.NumUnitsCutFirstStage[j,i] \
651               for j in model.ProductSizes if j >= i) - model.DemandsFirstStage[i], \
652           None)
653
654def demand_satisfied_second_stage_rule(i, model):
655   return (0.0, \
656           sum(model.NumUnitsCutSecondStage[j,i] \
657               for j in model.ProductSizes if j >= i) - model.DemandsSecondStage[i], \
658           None)
659
660model.DemandSatisfiedFirstStage = \
661                Constraint(model.ProductSizes, rule=demand_satisfied_first_stage_rule)
662model.DemandSatisfiedSecondStage = \
663                Constraint(model.ProductSizes, rule=demand_satisfied_second_stage_rule)
664
665# ensure that you don't produce any units if the decision has been made to disable production.
666def enforce_production_first_stage_rule(i, model):
667   # The production capacity per time stage serves as a simple upper bound for "M".
668   return (None, \
669           model.NumProducedFirstStage[i] - model.Capacity * model.ProduceSizeFirstStage[i], \
670           0.0)
671
672def enforce_production_second_stage_rule(i, model):
673   # The production capacity per time stage serves as a simple upper bound for "M".
674   return (None, \
675           model.NumProducedSecondStage[i] - model.Capacity * model.ProduceSizeSecondStage[i], \
676           0.0)
677
678model.EnforceProductionBinaryFirstStage = \
679                  Constraint(model.ProductSizes, rule=enforce_production_first_stage_rule)
680model.EnforceProductionBinarySecondStage = \
681                  Constraint(model.ProductSizes, rule=enforce_production_second_stage_rule)
682
683# ensure that the production capacity is not exceeded for each time stage.
684def enforce_capacity_first_stage_rule(model):
685   return (None, \
686           sum(model.NumProducedFirstStage[i] for i in model.ProductSizes) - model.Capacity, \
687           0.0)
688
689def enforce_capacity_second_stage_rule(model):
690   return (None, \
691           sum(model.NumProducedSecondStage[i] for i in model.ProductSizes) - model.Capacity, \
692           0.0)
693
694model.EnforceCapacityLimitFirstStage = Constraint(rule=enforce_capacity_first_stage_rule)
695model.EnforceCapacityLimitSecondStage = Constraint(rule=enforce_capacity_second_stage_rule)
696
697# ensure that you can't generate inventory out of thin air.
698def enforce_inventory_first_stage_rule(i, model):
699   return (None, \
700           sum(model.NumUnitsCutFirstStage[i,j] \
701               for j in model.ProductSizes if j <= i) - model.NumProducedFirstStage[i], \
702           0.0)
703
704def enforce_inventory_second_stage_rule(i, model):
705   return (None, \
706           sum(model.NumUnitsCutFirstStage[i,j] \
707               for j in model.ProductSizes \
708                  if j <= i) + sum(model.NumUnitsCutSecondStage[i,j] \
709                     for j in model.ProductSizes if j <= i) \
710               - model.NumProducedFirstStage[i] - model.NumProducedSecondStage[i], \
711           0.0)
712
713model.EnforceInventoryFirstStage = \
714               Constraint(model.ProductSizes, rule=enforce_inventory_first_stage_rule)
715model.EnforceInventorySecondStage = \
716               Constraint(model.ProductSizes, rule=enforce_inventory_second_stage_rule)
717
718# stage-specific cost computations.
719def first_stage_cost_rule(model):
720   production_costs = \
721            sum(model.SetupCosts[i] * model.ProduceSizeFirstStage[i] \
722                + model.UnitProductionCosts[i] * model.NumProducedFirstStage[i] \
723                for i in model.ProductSizes)
724   cut_costs = \
725             sum(model.UnitReductionCost * model.NumUnitsCutFirstStage[i,j] \
726                 for (i,j) in model.NumUnitsCutDomain if i != j)
727   return (model.FirstStageCost - production_costs - cut_costs) == 0.0
728
729model.ComputeFirstStageCost = Constraint(rule=first_stage_cost_rule)
730
731def second_stage_cost_rule(model):
732   production_costs = \
733                sum(model.SetupCosts[i] * model.ProduceSizeSecondStage[i] \
734                    + model.UnitProductionCosts[i] * model.NumProducedSecondStage[i] \
735                    for i in model.ProductSizes)
736   cut_costs = \
737             sum(model.UnitReductionCost * model.NumUnitsCutSecondStage[i,j] \
738                 for (i,j) in model.NumUnitsCutDomain if i != j)
739   return (model.SecondStageCost - production_costs - cut_costs) == 0.0
740
741model.ComputeSecondStageCost = Constraint(rule=second_stage_cost_rule)
742
743#
744# Objective
745#
746
747def total_cost_rule(model):
748   return (model.FirstStageCost + model.SecondStageCost)
749
750model.TotalCostObjective = Objective(rule = total_cost_rule, sense=minimize)
751\end{verbatim}
752}
753
754\subsection{ReferenceModel.dat}
755
756This file establishes the data for a representative instance. The main thing to notice is that the indexes for
757sizes happen to be given as integers, which is not required: they could have been strings.
758
759{\small
760\begin{verbatim}
761#ReferenceModel.dat
762param NumSizes := 10 ;
763
764param Capacity := 200000 ;
765
766param DemandsFirstStage := 1 2500 2 7500 3 12500 4 10000 5 35000
767                           6 25000 7 15000 8 12500 9 12500 10 5000 ;
768
769param DemandsSecondStage := 1 2500 2 7500 3 12500 4 10000 5 35000
770                            6 25000 7 15000 8 12500 9 12500 10 5000 ;
771
772param UnitProductionCosts := 1 0.748 2 0.7584 3 0.7688 4 0.7792 5 0.7896
773                             6 0.8 7 0.8104 8 0.8208 9 0.8312 10 0.8416 ;
774
775param SetupCosts := 1 453 2 453 3 453 4 453 5 453 6 453 7 453 8 453 9 453 10 453 ;
776
777param UnitReductionCost := 0.008 ;
778\end{verbatim}
779
780\subsection{ScenarioStucture.dat}
781
782Here is the data file that describes the stochastics:
783
784\begin{verbatim}
785# IMPORTANT - THE STAGES ARE ASSUMED TO BE IN TIME-ORDER.
786
787set Stages := FirstStage SecondStage ;
788
789set Nodes := RootNode
790             Scenario1Node
791             Scenario2Node
792             Scenario3Node
793             Scenario4Node
794             Scenario5Node
795             Scenario6Node
796             Scenario7Node
797             Scenario8Node
798             Scenario9Node
799             Scenario10Node ;
800
801param NodeStage := RootNode             FirstStage
802                   Scenario1Node        SecondStage
803                   Scenario2Node        SecondStage
804                   Scenario3Node        SecondStage
805                   Scenario4Node        SecondStage
806                   Scenario5Node        SecondStage
807                   Scenario6Node        SecondStage
808                   Scenario7Node        SecondStage
809                   Scenario8Node        SecondStage
810                   Scenario9Node        SecondStage
811                   Scenario10Node       SecondStage ;
812
813set Children[RootNode] := Scenario1Node
814                          Scenario2Node
815                          Scenario3Node
816                          Scenario4Node
817                          Scenario5Node
818                          Scenario6Node
819                          Scenario7Node
820                          Scenario8Node
821                          Scenario9Node
822                          Scenario10Node ;
823
824param ConditionalProbability := RootNode          1.0
825                                Scenario1Node     0.10
826                                Scenario2Node     0.10
827                                Scenario3Node     0.10
828                                Scenario4Node     0.10
829                                Scenario5Node     0.10
830                                Scenario6Node     0.10
831                                Scenario7Node     0.10
832                                Scenario8Node     0.10
833                                Scenario9Node     0.10
834                                Scenario10Node    0.10 ;
835
836set Scenarios := Scenario1
837                 Scenario2
838                 Scenario3
839                 Scenario4
840                 Scenario5
841                 Scenario6
842                 Scenario7
843                 Scenario8
844                 Scenario9
845                 Scenario10 ;
846
847param ScenarioLeafNode := Scenario1  Scenario1Node
848                          Scenario2  Scenario2Node
849                          Scenario3  Scenario3Node
850                          Scenario4  Scenario4Node
851                          Scenario5  Scenario5Node
852                          Scenario6  Scenario6Node
853                          Scenario7  Scenario7Node
854                          Scenario8  Scenario8Node
855                          Scenario9  Scenario9Node
856                          Scenario10 Scenario10Node ;
857
858set StageVariables[FirstStage] := ProduceSizeFirstStage[*]
859                                  NumProducedFirstStage[*]
860                                  NumUnitsCutFirstStage[*,*] ;
861set StageVariables[SecondStage] := ProduceSizeSecondStage[*]
862                                   NumProducedSecondStage[*]
863                                   NumUnitsCutSecondStage[*,*] ;
864
865param StageCostVariable := FirstStage FirstStageCost
866                           SecondStage SecondStageCost ;
867
868\end{verbatim}
869}
870
871\subsection{wwph.cfg}
872
873This file provides default values. Even though most of them will be overridden at the variable level, it makes sense
874to provide instance specific defaults. For this problem, it does not seem helpful or prudent to do any fixing of continuous
875variables since they only used to compute the objective function terms. The \verb|ProduceSizeFirstStage| variables are binary
876and fixing their values would seem to determine the value of the other values. The other first stage variables are general integers. The \verb|ProduceSizeFirstStage| can safely be fixed because provided that the largest size is not fixed at zero, there is little risk of infeasibility since larger sizes can be cut (at a cost) to meet demand for smaller sizes. Consequently, it is safe to let the algorithm slam those
877variables as needed. Slamming the other variables is riskier because they could get slammed to values that don't make
878sense given the values of the \verb|ProduceSizeFirstStage| variables.
879
880Fixing variables that have converged will speed the algorithm, perhaps resulting in a less desirable
881objective function value. It would make sense to tend to fix the \verb|ProduceSizeFirstStage| before fixing the others to avoid
882inconsistencies and because the The \verb|ProduceSizeFirstStage| variables have a strong tendency to imply values for the other
883variables.
884
885Here is a sensible and internally consistent, if a bit conservative, wwph.cfg file:
886
887{\small
888\begin{verbatim}
889# wwph.cfg
890# python  commands that are executed by the wwphextensions.py file
891# to set parameters and parameter defaults
892
893self.fix_continuous_variables = False
894
895self.Iteration0MipGap = 0.02
896self.InitialMipGap = 0.10
897self.FinalMipGap = 0.001
898
899# for all six of these, zero means don't do it.
900self.Iter0FixIfConvergedAtLB = 0 # 1 or 0
901self.Iter0FixIfConvergedAtUB = 0  # 1 or 0
902self.Iter0FixIfConvergedAtNB = 0  # 1 or 0 (converged to a non-bound)
903self.FixWhenItersConvergedAtLB = 0
904self.FixWhenItersConvergedAtUB = 25
905self.FixWhenItersConvergedAtNB = 0  # converged to a non-bound
906self.FixWhenItersConvergedContinuous = 0
907
908# "default" slamming parms
909# True and False are the options (case sensitive)
910self.CanSlamToLB = False
911self.CanSlamToMin = False
912self.CanSlamToAnywhere = False
913self.CanSlamToMax = True
914self.CanSlamToUB = False
915self.PH_Iters_Between_Cycle_Slams = 5
916
917# the next line will try to force at least one variable to be
918# fixed every other iteration after iteration 50
919# if anything can be slammed
920self.SlamAfterIter = 50
921
922self.hash_hit_len_to_slam = 50
923self.W_hash_history_len = 100
924\end{verbatim}
925}
926
927There are a number of things to notice about the contents of this file. Since it is executed
928as python code, the syntax matters. Users should changes values of numbers of change True to False, but
929everything else should not be edited with the exception of comments, which is any text after a sharp sign
930(sometimes called a pound sign). Changes to this file should be tested incrementally because errors are trapped by
931the python interpreter and may be difficult for non-python programmers to decipher.
932
933This particular example file allows variables to be fixed if all scenarios have agreed on the
934upper bound for five iterations in a row. Since the \verb|ProduceSizeFirstStage| variables are the only discrete
935variables in the first stage with an upper bound, they are the only variables affected by this.
936
937This example allows slamming, but only to the max across scenarios. This is different than the upper bound, even for
938binary variables, because a variable could be selected for slamming for which all scenarios have agreed on the same value
939(which could be the lower lower bound). Data providing an override for this default as well as control over the selection priority for variables to slam are provided in the wwph.suffixes file.
940
941\subsection{wwph.suffixes}
942
943{\small
944\begin{verbatim}
945# Optional suffixes to help control PH
946
947# Text triples specifying (variable/variable-index, suffix-name, suffix-value) tuples.
948
949# override the defaults given in wwph.cfg as needed
950# If no scenario needs the smallest size to be produced, then just forget it
951ProduceSizeFirstStage[1] Iter0FixIfConvergedAtLB 1
952
953# if all scenarios need either of the two largest sizes, just lock them in
954ProduceSizeFirstStage[9] Iter0FixIfConvergedAtUB 1
955ProduceSizeFirstStage[10] Iter0FixIfConvergedAtUB 1
956
957# and be aggressive with the smallest size after iteration 0
958ProduceSizeFirstStage[1] FixWhenItersConvergedAtLB 8
959
960# if the production quantities have been fixed a long time, fix them
961NumProducedFirstStage[*] FixWhenItersConvergedAtNB 20
962
963# don't allow slamming of variables other than ProduceSize
964# for completeness, disallow all slamming destinations
965
966NumProducedFirstStage[*] CanSlamToLB False
967NumProducedFirstStage[*] CanSlamToMin False
968NumProducedFirstStage[*] CanSlamToAnywhere False
969NumProducedFirstStage[*] CanSlamToMax False
970NumProducedFirstStage[*] CanSlamToUB False
971
972NumUnitsCutFirstStage[*,*] CanSlamToLB False
973NumUnitsCutFirstStage[*,*] CanSlamToMin False
974NumUnitsCutFirstStage[*,*] CanSlamToAnywhere False
975NumUnitsCutFirstStage[*,*] CanSlamToMax False
976NumUnitsCutFirstStage[*,*] CanSlamToUB False
977
978# higher priority means slam these first
979ProduceSizeFirstStage[1] SlammingPriority 1
980ProduceSizeFirstStage[2] SlammingPriority 2
981ProduceSizeFirstStage[3] SlammingPriority 3
982ProduceSizeFirstStage[4] SlammingPriority 4
983ProduceSizeFirstStage[5] SlammingPriority 5
984ProduceSizeFirstStage[6] SlammingPriority 6
985ProduceSizeFirstStage[7] SlammingPriority 7
986ProduceSizeFirstStage[8] SlammingPriority 8
987ProduceSizeFirstStage[9] SlammingPriority 9
988ProduceSizeFirstStage[10] SlammingPriority 10
989
990\end{verbatim}
991}
992
993The first thing to notice is that this is a data file and not a file of Python comments.
994Consequently, simpler messages are provided if there are errors, but the file can be verbose
995and a computer program or spreadsheet might be required to produce this data file. The next thing to notice
996is that indexes can be specified either using valid index values, or wildcards.
997
998This file overrides the defaults to allow some fixing after iteration zero. Fixing the smallest
999size (index 1) to zero cannot result in infeasibility because larger sizes can be cut to
1000satisfy demand for that size. Along the same lines, aggressively fixing the
1001production indicator for larger sizes to 1 is also
1002safe and perhaps not sub-optimal if all scenarios want'' those sizes anyway.
1003
1004\subsection{rhosetter.cfg}
1005
1006\begin{verbatim}
1007# rhosetter.cfg
1008
1009# users probably want this line intact so they can use model_instance
1010model_instance = self._model_instance
1011
1012MyRhoFactor = 0.1
1013
1014for i in model_instance.ProductSizes:
1015   self.setRhoAllScenarios(model_instance.ProduceSizeFirstStage[i], model_instance.SetupCosts[i] * MyRhoFactor)
1016   self.setRhoAllScenarios(model_instance.NumProducedFirstStage[i], model_instance.UnitProductionCosts[i] * MyRhoFactor)
1017   for j in model_instance.ProductSizes:
1018      if j <= i:
1019         self.setRhoAllScenarios(model_instance.NumUnitsCutFirstStage[i,j], model_instance.UnitReductionCost * MyRhoFactor)
1020
1021
1022\end{verbatim}
1023
1024\subsection{Execution}
1025
1026To run this example, connect to the sizes directory, which is something like:
1027\begin{verbatim}
1028coopr\examples\pysp\sizes
1029\end{verbatim}
1030
1031Then use
1032\begin{verbatim}
1033runph --model-directory=models --instance-directory=SIZES10 \
1034--enable-ww-extensions --ww-extension-cfgfile=config/wwph.cfg \
1035--ww-extension-suffixfile=config/wwph.suffixes \
1036--rho-cfgfile=config/rhosetter.cfg
1037\end{verbatim}
1038
1039Since this instance is so small by modern standards, the enhancement are not needed and may even increase the total solution
1040time. It is provided to illustrate the features of the extensions, not to illustrate why you might need them. Much larger instances are are required for that.
1041
1042\section{Linearizing the Proximal Term \label{LinearSec}}
1043
1044\subsection{Introduction}
1045
1046For a decision variable $x$ the proximal term added to the objective function for each scenario subproblem at PH iteration $k$ is
1047$$1048\left(x - \bar{x}^{(k-1)}\right)^{2} 1049$$
1050where $\bar{x}^{(k-1)}$ is the average over the scenarios from the last iteration. Expanding the square reveals that the only
1051quadratic term is $x^{2}$. For binary variables, this is equal to $x$, although this is not the case when a relaxation is solved.
1052For binary variables, the default behaviour is to replace the quadratic term with $x$, but an option allows the quadratic to be
1053retained because this can effect the subproblem solution time due to the use of the quadratic term when the relaxations are solved
1054as part of the branch and bound process.
1055
1056For non-binary variables an option exists to replace the $x^2$ term with a piece-wise approximation and the number of breakpoints in the
1057approximation is under user control. This can have a significant effect on CPU time required to solve sub-problems because the presence of
1058the quadratic term increases the solution times significantly. However, linearization results in a time-quality tradeoff because increasing
1059the number of breakpoints increases the fidelity but each breakpoint introduces another (unseen) binary variable so solution times are generally
1060increased.
1061
1062A few strategies for placing the breakpoints are supported as command a line options:
1063\verb|--breakpoint-strategy|=BREAKPOINT\_STRATEGY. A value of 0
1064indicates uniform distribution. 1 indicates
1065breakpoints at the min and max for the node in the scenario tree, uniformly in-
1066between. A value of 2 indicates more aggressive concentration of
1067breakpoints near the observed node min/max.
1068
1069Upper and lower bounds for variables must be specified when the linearization option is chosen. This can be done by specifying bounds in the
1070reference model or by using the bounds-cfgfile command line option. It is, of course, best to use meaningful bounds provided
1071in the reference model; however, the modeller must be careful not use estimated bounds that are too tight since that could preclude
1072an optimal (or even a feasible) solution to the overall stochastic problem even though it might not cut off any optimal solutions for the
1073particular scenario. The use of a bounds cfgfile is an advanced topic, but enables the modeller to use bounds that cannot create
1074infeasibilities.
1075
1076\subsection{Bounds-cfgfile}
1077
1078Using a bounds cfgfile is an advanced topic. The modeler is writing python/pyomo code that will be executed by the
1079ph.py file that is the core of the PH algorithm. The first executable line in a bounds file is typically:
1080
1081\begin{verbatim}
1082model_instance = self._model_instance
1083\end{verbatim}
1084
1085This establishes a local variable called model\_instance'' that can be used to refer to the model (of course, a different name can be
1086used, such as MODINS). The object self'' on the right hand side of this assignment refers to the core PH object. The model, in turn contains the parameters and
1087variables defined in the ReferenceModel.py file that can be accessed by name. For example, with the Farmer model, the cfg file
1088sets the uppter bound on DevotedAcreage to be value of the paramter TOTAL\_ACREAGE at intialization (since this is Python, the
1089parentheses after TOTAL\_ACREAGE cause the value in TOTAL\_ACREAGE to be assigned rather than the name of the parameter object:
1090
1091\begin{verbatim}
1092# only need to set upper bounds on first-stage variables, i.e., those being blended.
1093
1094model_instance = self._model_instance
1095
1096# the values supplied to the method
1097upper_bound = float(model_instance.TOTAL_ACREAGE())
1098
1099for index in model_instance.CROPS:
1100   # the lower and upper bounds are expected to be floats, and trigger an exception if not.
1101   self.setVariableBoundsAllScenarios("DevotedAcreage", index, 0.0, upper_bound)
1102\end{verbatim}
1103
1104The same thing could be accomplished by setting the upper bound in the model file, but it does serve as a simple example of a bounds cfg file.
1105
1106%\subsection{Sizes Example}
1107
1108
1109\section{Solving sub-problems in Parallel \label{parallelsec}}
1110
1111Pyomo makes use of the pyro facility to enable sub-problems to easily be assigned to be solved in parallel. This capability is suppored by pysp. We will refer to a single master computer
1112and multiple slave computers in the discussion here, but actually, the master computing processes can (and for synchronous parallel, should) be on a
1113processor that also runs a slave process.
1114
1115Here are the commands in order:
1116\begin{enumerate}
1117\item On the master: \verb|coopr-ns|
1118\item On the master: \verb|dispatch_srvr|
1119\item On each slave: \verb|pyro_mip_server|
1120\item On the master: \verb|runph ... --solver-manager=pyro ...|
1121\end{enumerate}
1122Note that the command \verb|coopr-ns| and the argument \verb|solver-manger| have a dash in the middle, while
1123the commands \verb|dispatch_srvr| and \verb|pyro_mip_server| have underscores. The first three commands launch processes
1124that have no internal mechanism for termination; i.e., they will be terminated only if they crash or if they are
1125killed by an external process. It is common to launch these processes with output redirection, such as \verb|coopr-ns >& cooprns.log|. The
1126\verb|runph| command is a normal runph command with the usual arguments with the additional specification that subproblem solves should
1127be directed to the pyro solver manager.
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